Add internal_temperature component (#4330)

* Add cpu_temperature component

* Add tests

* Fix formatting

* Possible fix for "sensor not shown in HomeAssistant"

* Rename component to internal_temperature

* Update esphome/components/internal_temperature/internal_temperature.cpp

Co-authored-by: Oxan van Leeuwen <oxan@oxanvanleeuwen.nl>

* Update esphome/components/internal_temperature/internal_temperature.cpp

Co-authored-by: Oxan van Leeuwen <oxan@oxanvanleeuwen.nl>

* Update esphome/components/internal_temperature/internal_temperature.cpp

Co-authored-by: Oxan van Leeuwen <oxan@oxanvanleeuwen.nl>

* Update internal_temperature.h

* Remove unique_id

* Update ESP32 variant detection

---------

Co-authored-by: Oxan van Leeuwen <oxan@oxanvanleeuwen.nl>

esphome/components/internal_temperature/sensor.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.components import sensor
+from esphome.const import (
+    STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT,
+    UNIT_CELSIUS,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_TEMPERATURE,
+    ENTITY_CATEGORY_DIAGNOSTIC,
+)
+
+internal_temperature_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("internal_temperature")
+InternalTemperatureSensor = internal_temperature_ns.class_(
+    "InternalTemperatureSensor", sensor.Sensor, cg.PollingComponent
+)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
+    sensor.sensor_schema(
+        InternalTemperatureSensor,
+        unit_of_measurement=UNIT_CELSIUS,
+        accuracy_decimals=1,
+        device_class=DEVICE_CLASS_TEMPERATURE,
+        state_class=STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT,
+        entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_DIAGNOSTIC,
+    ).extend(cv.polling_component_schema("60s")),
+    cv.only_on(["esp32", "rp2040"]),
+)
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    var = await sensor.new_sensor(config)
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)