Fix I2CBus::write() bug and add i2c documentation (#5947)

esphome/components/i2c/i2c.h

@@ -11,43 +11,116 @@ namespace i2c {
 
 #define LOG_I2C_DEVICE(this) ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Address: 0x%02X", this->address_);
 
-class I2CDevice;
+class I2CDevice;  // forward declaration
+
+/// @brief This class is used to create I2CRegister objects that act as proxies to read/write internal registers on an
+/// I2C device.
+/// @details
+/// @n typical usage:
+/// @code
+/// constexpr uint8_t ADDR_REGISTER_1 = 0x12;
+/// i2c::I2CRegister reg_1 = this->reg(ADDR_REGISTER_1); // declare
+/// reg_1 |= 0x01; // set bit
+/// reg_1 &= ~0x01; // reset bit
+/// reg_1 = 10; // Set value
+/// uint val = reg_1.get(); // get value
+/// @endcode
+/// @details The I²C protocol specifies how to read/write in sets of 8-bits followed by an Acknowledgement (ACK/NACK)
+/// from the device receiving the data. How the device interprets the bits read/written can vary greatly from
+/// device to device. However most of the devices follow the same protocol for reading/writing 8 bit registers using as
+/// implemented in the I2CRegister: after sending the device address, the controller sends one byte with the internal
+/// register address and then read or write the specified register content.
 class I2CRegister {
  public:
+  /// @brief overloads the = operator. This allows to set the value of an i2c register
+  /// @param value value to be set in the register
+  /// @return pointer to current object
   I2CRegister &operator=(uint8_t value);
+
+  /// @brief overloads the compound &= operator. This allows to reset specific bits of an I²C register
+  /// @param value used for the & operation
+  /// @return pointer to current object
   I2CRegister &operator&=(uint8_t value);
+
+  /// @brief overloads the compound |= operator. This allows to set specific bits of an I²C register
+  /// @param value used for the & operation
+  /// @return pointer to current object
   I2CRegister &operator|=(uint8_t value);
 
+  /// @brief overloads the uint8_t() cast operator to return the I²C register value
+  /// @return pointer to current object
   explicit operator uint8_t() const { return get(); }
 
+  /// @brief returns the register value
+  /// @return the register value
   uint8_t get() const;
 
  protected:
   friend class I2CDevice;
 
+  /// @brief protected constructor that stores the owning object and the register address. Note as only friends can
+  /// create an I2CRegister @see I2CDevice::reg()
+  /// @param parent our parent
+  /// @param a_register address of the i2c register
   I2CRegister(I2CDevice *parent, uint8_t a_register) : parent_(parent), register_(a_register) {}
 
-  I2CDevice *parent_;
-  uint8_t register_;
+  I2CDevice *parent_;  ///< I2CDevice object pointer
+  uint8_t register_;   ///< the internal address of the register
 };
 
+/// @brief This class is used to create I2CRegister16 objects that act as proxies to read/write internal registers
+/// (specified with a 16 bit address) on an I2C device.
+/// @details
+/// @n typical usage:
+/// @code
+/// constexpr uint16_t X16_BIT_ADDR_REGISTER_1 = 0x1234;
+/// i2c::I2CRegister16 reg_1 = this->reg16(X16_BIT_ADDR_REGISTER_1); // declare
+/// reg_1 |= 0x01; // set bit
+/// reg_1 &= ~0x01; // reset bit
+/// reg_1 = 10; // Set value
+/// uint val = reg_1.get(); // get value
+/// @endcode
+/// @details The I²C protocol specification, reads/writes in sets of 8-bits followed by an Acknowledgement (ACK/NACK)
+/// from the device receiving the data. How the device interprets the bits read/written to it can vary greatly from
+/// device to device. This class can be used to access in the device 8 bits registers that uses a 16 bits internal
+/// address. After sending the device address, the controller sends the internal register address (using two consecutive
+/// bytes following the big indian convention) and then read or write the register content.
 class I2CRegister16 {
  public:
+  /// @brief overloads the = operator. This allows to set the value of an I²C register
+  /// @param value value to be set in the register
+  /// @return pointer to current object
   I2CRegister16 &operator=(uint8_t value);
+
+  /// @brief overloads the compound &= operator. This allows to reset specific bits of an I²C register
+  /// @param value used for the & operation
+  /// @return pointer to current object
   I2CRegister16 &operator&=(uint8_t value);
+
+  /// @brief overloads the compound |= operator. This allows to set bits of an I²C register
+  /// @param value used for the & operation
+  /// @return pointer to current object
   I2CRegister16 &operator|=(uint8_t value);
 
+  /// @brief overloads the uint8_t() cast operator to return the I²C register value
+  /// @return the register value
   explicit operator uint8_t() const { return get(); }
 
+  /// @brief returns the register value
+  /// @return the register value
   uint8_t get() const;
 
  protected:
   friend class I2CDevice;
 
+  /// @brief protected constructor that store the owning object and the register address. Only friends can create an
+  /// I2CRegister16 @see I2CDevice::reg16()
+  /// @param parent our parent
+  /// @param a_register 16 bits address of the i2c register
   I2CRegister16(I2CDevice *parent, uint16_t a_register) : parent_(parent), register_(a_register) {}
 
-  I2CDevice *parent_;
-  uint16_t register_;
+  I2CDevice *parent_;  ///< I2CDevice object pointer
+  uint16_t register_;  ///< the internal 16 bits address of the register
 };
 
 // like ntohs/htons but without including networking headers.
@@ -55,29 +128,91 @@ class I2CRegister16 {
 inline uint16_t i2ctohs(uint16_t i2cshort) { return convert_big_endian(i2cshort); }
 inline uint16_t htoi2cs(uint16_t hostshort) { return convert_big_endian(hostshort); }
 
+/// @brief This Class provides the methods to read/write bytes from/to an i2c device.
+/// Objects keep a list of devices found on bus as well as a pointer to the I2CBus in use.
 class I2CDevice {
  public:
+  /// @brief we use the C++ default constructor
   I2CDevice() = default;
 
+  /// @brief We store the address of the device on the bus
+  /// @param address of the device
   void set_i2c_address(uint8_t address) { address_ = address; }
+
+  /// @brief we store the pointer to the I2CBus to use
+  /// @param bus pointer to the I2CBus object
   void set_i2c_bus(I2CBus *bus) { bus_ = bus; }
 
+  /// @brief calls the I2CRegister constructor
+  /// @param a_register address of the I²C register
+  /// @return an I2CRegister proxy object
   I2CRegister reg(uint8_t a_register) { return {this, a_register}; }
+
+  /// @brief calls the I2CRegister16 constructor
+  /// @param a_register 16 bits address of the I²C register
+  /// @return an I2CRegister16 proxy object
   I2CRegister16 reg16(uint16_t a_register) { return {this, a_register}; }
 
+  /// @brief reads an array of bytes from the device using an I2CBus
+  /// @param data pointer to an array to store the bytes
+  /// @param len length of the buffer = number of bytes to read
+  /// @return an i2c::ErrorCode
   ErrorCode read(uint8_t *data, size_t len) { return bus_->read(address_, data, len); }
+
+  /// @brief reads an array of bytes from a specific register in the I²C device
+  /// @param a_register an 8 bits internal address of the I²C register to read from
+  /// @param data pointer to an array to store the bytes
+  /// @param len length of the buffer = number of bytes to read
+  /// @param stop (true/false): True will send a stop message, releasing the bus after
+  /// transmission. False will send a restart, keeping the connection active.
+  /// @return an i2c::ErrorCode
   ErrorCode read_register(uint8_t a_register, uint8_t *data, size_t len, bool stop = true);
+
+  /// @brief reads an array of bytes from a specific register in the I²C device
+  /// @param a_register the 16 bits internal address of the I²C register to read from
+  /// @param data pointer to an array of bytes to store the information
+  /// @param len length of the buffer = number of bytes to read
+  /// @param stop (true/false): True will send a stop message, releasing the bus after
+  /// transmission. False will send a restart, keeping the connection active.
+  /// @return an i2c::ErrorCode
   ErrorCode read_register16(uint16_t a_register, uint8_t *data, size_t len, bool stop = true);
 
-  ErrorCode write(const uint8_t *data, uint8_t len, bool stop = true) { return bus_->write(address_, data, len, stop); }
+  /// @brief writes an array of bytes to a device using an I2CBus
+  /// @param data pointer to an array that contains the bytes to send
+  /// @param len length of the buffer = number of bytes to write
+  /// @param stop (true/false): True will send a stop message, releasing the bus after
+  /// transmission. False will send a restart, keeping the connection active.
+  /// @return an i2c::ErrorCode
+  ErrorCode write(const uint8_t *data, size_t len, bool stop = true) { return bus_->write(address_, data, len, stop); }
+
+  /// @brief writes an array of bytes to a specific register in the I²C device
+  /// @param a_register the internal address of the register to read from
+  /// @param data pointer to an array to store the bytes
+  /// @param len length of the buffer = number of bytes to read
+  /// @param stop (true/false): True will send a stop message, releasing the bus after
+  /// transmission. False will send a restart, keeping the connection active.
+  /// @return an i2c::ErrorCode
   ErrorCode write_register(uint8_t a_register, const uint8_t *data, size_t len, bool stop = true);
+
+  /// @brief write an array of bytes to a specific register in the I²C device
+  /// @param a_register the 16 bits internal address of the register to read from
+  /// @param data pointer to an array to store the bytes
+  /// @param len length of the buffer = number of bytes to read
+  /// @param stop (true/false): True will send a stop message, releasing the bus after
+  /// transmission. False will send a restart, keeping the connection active.
+  /// @return an i2c::ErrorCode
   ErrorCode write_register16(uint16_t a_register, const uint8_t *data, size_t len, bool stop = true);
 
-  // Compat APIs
+  ///
+  /// Compat APIs
+  /// All methods below have been added for compatibility reasons. They do not bring any functionality and therefore on
+  /// new code it is not recommend to use them.
+  ///
 
   bool read_bytes(uint8_t a_register, uint8_t *data, uint8_t len) {
     return read_register(a_register, data, len) == ERROR_OK;
   }
+
   bool read_bytes_raw(uint8_t *data, uint8_t len) { return read(data, len) == ERROR_OK; }
 
   template<size_t N> optional<std::array<uint8_t, N>> read_bytes(uint8_t a_register) {
@@ -131,8 +266,8 @@ class I2CDevice {
   bool write_byte_16(uint8_t a_register, uint16_t data) { return write_bytes_16(a_register, &data, 1); }
 
  protected:
-  uint8_t address_{0x00};
-  I2CBus *bus_{nullptr};
+  uint8_t address_{0x00};  ///< store the address of the device on the bus
+  I2CBus *bus_{nullptr};   ///< pointer to I2CBus instance
 };
 
 }  // namespace i2c